By document type

Death certificate attestation for the UAE

Short answer

MoFAIC charges AED 150 to attest a death certificate, national or non-national, and requires the original. A UAE-issued certificate goes to the Ministry of Health and Prevention or the local health authority first, then MoFAIC, then whichever mission the destination country names, because the UAE cannot issue an apostille. MoFAIC also accepts death-certificate attestation requests by phone.

MoFAIC fee
AED 150 per death certificate
Death-certificate requests by phone
Accepted on +971 800 44444
UAE certificate going abroad
AED 300 total on the MOHAP digital route
Original or copy
Original only — copies are not accepted
Apostille
The UAE cannot issue one; a destination embassy stamp is used instead
Every fee sourced to the authority that charges it Total cost shown — embassy, translation and courier included Reviewed 23 August 2026

Most people reading this have a funeral to arrange or a family abroad waiting, so here is the short version first. MoFAIC charges AED 150 to attest a death certificate. It must be the original. If the certificate was issued in the UAE, it goes to the Ministry of Health and Prevention or the local health authority, then to MoFAIC, then to whichever mission the destination country names — its own embassy here, or the UAE mission there. And MoFAIC accepts death-certificate attestation requests by phone, on +971 800 44444, which is not true of any other document type.

You do not have to do this yourself. MoFAIC states that anyone can attest documents on your behalf and that no power of attorney is needed, so a relative or a colleague can submit while you deal with everything else.

What an attested death certificate is actually for

Attestation makes the certificate usable outside the country that issued it. On its own a death certificate is only recognised by the authorities of the place it was issued in. Once MoFAIC and the relevant embassy have stamped it, other governments and institutions will accept it as genuine.

In practice families need it for five things:

  • Repatriation of remains, where the receiving country or the airline asks for the certificate. We are not going to set out a repatriation procedure here: there is no published federal checklist we can source, and the requirements differ by nationality and by emirate. Ask the hospital and the embassy of the person’s nationality what they need, and take the document list from them rather than from any website.
  • Closing UAE bank accounts and settling balances held in the UAE.
  • Estate and inheritance matters abroad, where a foreign court, registry or notary needs proof of the death that it can rely on.
  • Pension and insurance claims, which usually require an attested original rather than a copy, and often more than one.
  • Re-registering the death in the person’s home country, so that national records, civil registries and identity documents are updated.

Several of these can run at the same time. Nothing in the attestation chain has to wait for the others to finish, so there is no reason to hold it back while the rest is being arranged.

Inheritance is a legal question, not a paperwork one

Attestation confirms that a signature and seal are genuine. It decides nothing about who inherits, which country’s law applies, or how an estate is divided. UAE succession rules can differ from those of the country the person came from, sometimes substantially, and where assets sit in more than one country the two systems have to be reconciled. Take advice from a lawyer qualified in the UAE, and from one in the home country if there are assets there. Do not act on anything you read on a website, including this one.

Which direction is your certificate travelling?

This is the first question, because the two chains are different and doing the wrong one costs a full cycle.

A UAE-issued death certificate needed abroad is the more common case: someone died in the UAE and their family, their bank, their insurer or their home country’s registry needs the certificate. A foreign death certificate needed in the UAE is less common but happens — a relative died abroad and the certificate is needed to close a UAE account, release an asset held here, or support a claim in a UAE court.

You need the death certificate attested if…

  • The certificate was issued in the UAE and will be used in any other country
  • Remains are being repatriated and the hospital, the airline or the receiving country has asked for an attested certificate
  • A bank, pension provider or insurer outside the UAE has asked for an attested original
  • A foreign registry has to record the death or update national records
  • A certificate issued abroad is needed by a UAE bank, court, notary or government department

You probably do not if…

  • The certificate was issued in the UAE and will only ever be used inside the UAE
  • The institution has confirmed in writing that a plain copy is enough
  • The same certificate was attested before — attested documents do not expire
  • You only need a translation, and the receiving party has not asked for attestation
  • Another family member has already attested originals and can share one

Taking a UAE death certificate abroad

The outbound chain has three stages, and it differs from the inbound one in two ways that surprise people.

First, there is no foreign-ministry step before MoFAIC, because MoFAIC is the foreign ministry. It attests the seal of the UAE entity that issued the certificate directly. MoFAIC’s own rule is that original documents must be attested by the governing entity first, with digital documents issued or electronically attested by a government entity as the exception, and the example it gives for this class of certificate is the Ministry of Health and Prevention or the local health authority.

Second, the destination country decides who finishes the chain, and MoFAIC will not do it. The UAE is not a contracting party to the Hague Apostille Convention, so no UAE authority can put an apostille on anything. Where the destination country wants a consular stamp, that stamp comes from its own embassy or consulate in the UAE. MoFAIC states the position plainly: if the destination country requires additional attestation by its embassy or consulate in the UAE, you must complete that step separately.

When you apply, MoFAIC asks you to choose between attestation by the ministry only, and attestation by the ministry followed by attestation by the relevant UAE embassy or consulate. Which one is right depends on where the certificate is going, so find out what the receiving institution needs before you pay.

The AED 300 route, and exactly what it covers

MoFAIC publishes a worked total for this document type, which it does for almost nothing else. Where a death certificate is issued through the MOHAP or Emirates Health Services digital channel, attestation is bundled at issuance for AED 300 in total: AED 150 for MoFAIC and AED 150 for the UAE embassy in the destination country.

Read the second half of that carefully. The AED 150 embassy leg is the UAE’s own mission in the destination country — the route used when the certificate is going to be presented to a UAE embassy abroad. It is not the fee for the destination country’s embassy here in the UAE. That mission sets its own fee, MoFAIC does not publish it, and neither will we.

MoFAIC says birth and death certificates coming through the MOHAP channel are processed “within a few minutes and without human intervention”. For UAE-issued digital documents generally it publishes a turnaround of within 2 hours during official working hours. A digital document here means a real one: a PDF carrying a QR code, barcode, electronic link or reference number, not password-protected. A scan or a photograph of a paper certificate is not a digital document, and you do not get to choose the route — MoFAIC’s website decides whether an application goes down the digital or the courier path.

The phone route, and what MoFAIC does and does not say about it

MoFAIC lists four official channels: its website, which needs a UAE PASS login; the UAE MOFA smart app; UAE embassies and consulates abroad; and phone assistance on +971 800 44444 for People of Determination, senior Emiratis and senior residents. Alongside that phone line it states that death-certificate attestation requests are also accepted by phone.

That is worth knowing because this is the only document type given that concession, and because it means a family without a UAE PASS login, or without anyone able to sit with a portal, is not stuck.

Be clear about the limits, though. MoFAIC publishes that requests are accepted by phone. It does not publish how payment is taken on that route, how the original certificate then reaches the ministry, or how it comes back. Ask about all three on the call, and expect to arrange a courier for the physical document. MoFAIC has no walk-in counters — its public service centres closed on 18 July 2022 — so there is nowhere to hand it over in person.

A death certificate issued abroad, for use in the UAE

This is the ordinary inbound chain and it works the same way as it does for any other personal document. Pre-authentication in the country of issue, then that country’s foreign ministry, then the UAE mission there, then MoFAIC. The fee at MoFAIC is the same AED 150, and the fee table names the line item as “Death Certificate (national and non-national)”, so nationality does not change the price.

One thing has genuinely changed and most pages have not caught up. In India, Pakistan, Egypt and the UK the UAE mission stage and the MoFAIC stage are now a single application. The mission pages put it as “one service, two attestations: one application covers both the UAE Embassy and the UAE MoFA in the UAE”, with a published turnaround of 2 to 3 business days, and same day at the Consulate General in Mumbai. The home-country foreign ministry stage is still separate and still required. Manila is not on this model — no digital attestation page existed for the UAE Embassy in Manila as of 23 August 2026 — so treat MoFAIC as a separate stage for Philippine certificates.

An apostille on its own does not work for the UAE. It is insufficient rather than useless: in the UK the FCDO legalisation, which is an apostille, is exactly what the UAE Embassy in London requires before it will act, while in India and Pakistan the opposite applies and the foreign ministry must issue its ordinary attestation instead.

Where the certificate comes from, and what has to happen before the foreign ministry

The UAE half of the chain is close to identical everywhere. The home-country half decides your cost and your timeline. These four routes name death certificates specifically in the issuing country’s own published rules.

Country of issueWhat the certificate is, and what comes before the foreign ministryForeign ministry stageUAE stage
EgyptCivil Status (الأحوال المدنية) endorses birth, marriage, death, divorce and family-registration certificates. Paper certificates from governorate health offices go through the Ministry of Health or the governorate Health Affairs Directorate, then the Secretary-General of the GovernorateEgyptian MFA — EGP 115 per document at the ordinary rateEmbassy Cairo, combined with MoFAIC, 2–3 business days. Non-Egyptian documents are not accepted in Cairo
PhilippinesThe PSA copy, ordered through apostille.psahelpline.ph. PSA SECPA PHP 300. For newly registered records the local civil registrar copy must be certified by PSADFA — appointment only. A Certificate of Authentication, PHP 200, is issued for non-Hague destinations such as the UAE, though the Embassy Manila FAQ still asks for a DFA apostille. The two official pages conflict, so confirm with the embassyEmbassy Manila, PHP 2,350 per document, at least 3–5 working days. No Digital Attestation page existed for Manila as at 23 August 2026, so treat MoFAIC as a separate stage
IndiaThe registrar-issued certificate. Pre-authentication for birth, marriage and death certificates is the State Home Department of the issuing state, or the SDM route the MEA authorises for non-commercial documentsMEA — free. It accepts nothing directly from the public; its outsourced agencies charge Rs 84 per document plus Rs 3 per page scanningNew Delhi or Mumbai, combined with MoFAIC, 2–3 business days, same day in Mumbai
United KingdomA General Register Office certificate. gov.uk lists public registry birth, marriage and death certificates among the documents that need no prior solicitor or notary certificationFCDO — £45 standard, usually up to 25 working days. The £35 e-Apostille takes up to 2 working days where the document type is eligibleEmbassy London, combined with MoFAIC: 2–3 working days on the digital route, or up to 5 working days by post. Documents cannot be submitted or collected in person

Pakistan is the honest gap here. MoFA Pakistan states that documents issued by NADRA go directly to it with no intermediate step, and lists birth certificates, marriage registration certificates and FRC/CRC records by name. The death certificate is not in that published list, so we will not tell you the route is identical. Confirm it with MoFA Pakistan or the UAE Embassy in Islamabad before you send anything. What is certain on the Pakistan side is that MoFA Pakistan charges no fee for any type of attestation, only the prescribed revenue stamps, and that the UAE stage is the same combined 2 to 3 business day application as elsewhere.

Whichever country it is, the certificate goes to the UAE mission covering the country that issued it, not the country the person held a passport from and not where the family lives. The Cairo mission states that non-Egyptian documents are not accepted at all.

Why death certificate attestations get rejected

Why these applications get rejected

  • A photocopy or certified copy was submitted Every UAE mission page names birth, marriage and death certificates as documents that must be submitted in their original form. Order additional originals from the issuing registry or health authority if several institutions need one.
  • The hospital's record of death was submitted instead of the certificate the health authority issues MoFAIC attests the seal of the governing entity, and names the Ministry of Health and Prevention or the local health authority for this class of certificate in the UAE. Make sure the document carries that seal.
  • The certificate is laminated Have the lamination removed before submitting. 'Document must not be laminated' is one of MoFAIC's three basic requirements and every mission page repeats it.
  • The name of the deceased is spelled differently on the certificate and the passport MoFAIC lists 'information does not match the document' among its rejection reasons, and no authority in the chain can reconcile two spellings. This has to be corrected at the registry that created the record.
  • Wrong document type or issuing authority selected on the portal MoFAIC names 'issuing authority or document type selected incorrectly' as a rejection reason. Select the wording printed on the certificate itself, not the phrase you would use in conversation.
  • Sent to the wrong UAE mission The certificate goes to the mission covering the country of issue. Cairo, for example, does not accept non-Egyptian documents, and a certificate issued elsewhere has to go to the mission for that country.
  • Several documents submitted as a bundle Mission pages state that documents apostilled in a bundle are not accepted and that each document must be handled individually. A death certificate and a marriage certificate are two documents and two fees.
  • A document eligible for digital attestation was sent by courier MoFAIC names this as a rejection reason in its own list. Its website decides which route an application takes — you cannot choose — so follow what the portal tells you rather than what worked last time.
  • A local-language original with no official translation MoFAIC requires the original in English or Arabic, or an official translation of it. Egypt runs the other way and states that translation is not required for civil-status documents.

A rejection is expensive in time rather than money. MoFAIC applications cannot be amended or reopened, so a rejected one is replaced by a new one. The attestation fee is refunded automatically within 14 working days; the delivery fee is not refunded at all.

Translation: when it is needed, and where it sits

Translate after attestation, not before. MoFAIC’s requirement is an “original document in English or Arabic (or an official translation of it)”, so an English-language certificate needs no translation for the chain itself, and an Arabic UAE certificate needs none either.

Arabic becomes necessary at the point of use — UAE courts, notaries public, banks and most government submissions — and the same logic applies in reverse when a UAE certificate written in Arabic reaches an institution abroad that reads only English. The reason to translate afterwards is mechanical: each stage of the chain adds stamps and sticker text, so a translation made first contains none of them and usually has to be redone.

Inside the UAE the translator should be registered with the Ministry of Justice, which operates a “Registration of Legal Translator” service and maintains a register of experts and legal translators. The wider industry position that only MoJ-registered translators’ work is accepted by UAE courts and government entities is stated consistently but we could not source it to a published MoJ rule, so treat it as the safe assumption rather than a quoted requirement.

Egypt is the genuine exception at both ends. The Egyptian foreign ministry attests translations itself, in-country, through a short list of approved bodies including the Ministry of Justice, the Armed Forces Language Institute, Civil Status and government universities, and charges its fee on the original and the translation separately. But for civil-status documents — birth, marriage, death and family registration — it states that translation is not required at all.

Before you start

  • Confirm which country the certificate has to be used in, and ask that institution whether it wants attestation, translation, or both
  • Work out how many attested originals you need — banks, insurers and registries often keep the copy they are given
  • Check the name of the deceased on the certificate against the passport, character for character
  • Make sure the certificate is an original, unlaminated, and carries the seal of the authority that issued it
  • For an outbound certificate, ask the destination country's embassy in the UAE what it charges and what it needs, before you pay MoFAIC

You can do all of this yourself, for the government fee

Nothing on this page requires an agent. The channels are MoFAIC’s website with a UAE PASS login, which non-residents can register for, the UAE MOFA smart app, UAE missions abroad, and the phone line on +971 800 44444 for death-certificate requests. Anyone can submit on your behalf without a power of attorney. Two of the home-country stages cost nothing at all: the Indian MEA charges nothing for the ordinary attestation used on the UAE route, and MoFA Pakistan charges nothing for any type of attestation. If the paperwork is clean, the government fee is the whole bill — AED 150 at MoFAIC, or AED 300 for a UAE certificate issued through the MOHAP digital channel.

The process, step by step

  1. Work out which way the certificate has to travel

    A death certificate issued in the UAE and needed abroad takes one chain. A certificate issued abroad and needed in the UAE takes a different one. The two are not mirror images, and doing the wrong one wastes the fee and the time.

    You

  2. UAE certificate: the health authority seal comes first

    MoFAIC requires that original documents are attested by the governing entity that issued them, and names the Ministry of Health and Prevention or the local health authority for this class of certificate. Documents issued digitally or attested electronically by a government entity are the exception.

    MOHAP or the local health authority

  3. UAE certificate: MoFAIC attestation

    Applied for on mofa.gov.ae with a UAE PASS login, or through the UAE MOFA smart app. MoFAIC states that death-certificate attestation requests are also accepted by phone on +971 800 44444.

    MoFAIC⏱ Within 2 hours during official working hours for a digital documentAED 150

  4. UAE certificate: the destination country's embassy in the UAE

    The UAE cannot issue an apostille, so where the destination country wants its own consular stamp, that stamp is applied by its embassy or consulate in the UAE. MoFAIC will not do this step for you and says so plainly.

    The destination country's mission in the UAE

  5. Foreign certificate: pre-authentication in the country of issue

    The body differs by country. Civil Status in Egypt, the PSA copy in the Philippines, the State Home Department or the SDM route in India. UK General Register Office certificates need no solicitor or notary step first.

    Issuing-country authority

  6. Foreign certificate: that country's foreign ministry

    MoFAIC requires that original documents are attested by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the issuing country before any UAE stage. The Indian MEA and MoFA Pakistan charge nothing for it.

    Foreign ministry of the issuing country

  7. Foreign certificate: the UAE mission there, combined with MoFAIC

    Applied for through the MoFAIC website, selecting the country of issuance. In India, Pakistan, Egypt and the UK one application covers both the UAE mission and MoFAIC. The original physical document is still required.

    UAE mission abroad and MoFAIC⏱ 2–3 business days

  8. Only if the receiving party needs it: Arabic translation

    Done after attestation, inside the UAE, by a Ministry of Justice-registered legal translator, so that every stamp added along the way appears in the Arabic version.

    MoJ-registered legal translator

What it costs

Published government fees on a death certificate route, by the authority that charges them
ItemPayable toAmount
MoFAIC attestation — death certificate Death Certificate (national and non-national) is a named line item on MoFAIC's personal-document fee table, for certificates issued inside and outside the UAE. MoFAIC AED 150
MoFAIC transaction fee MoFAIC AED 3 + 2% per transaction
UAE-issued certificate through the MOHAP or Emirates Health Services digital channel AED 150 MoFAIC plus AED 150 for the UAE embassy in the destination country, bundled at the moment the certificate is issued. MoFAIC and the UAE mission in the destination country AED 300 total
MoFAIC courier inside the UAE — regular, 3 working days Emirates Post and Zajel AED 31.50, Tawzea AED 36.70, Aramex AED 40. Up to 25 documents per transaction. Courier via MoFAIC AED 31.50–40
MoFAIC courier inside the UAE — express Tawzea AED 95, Emirates Post AED 105, Zajel AED 126, Aramex AED 150. MoFAIC's courier fee table labels this same day; an older MoFAIC FAQ answer describes express as 1 working day. Up to 10 documents per transaction. Courier via MoFAIC AED 95–150
India — MEA attestation, the route used for the UAE The MEA accepts nothing directly from the public. Its outsourced agencies charge Rs 84 per document plus Rs 3 per page scanning. Ministry of External Affairs Free
Pakistan — MoFA Pakistan attestation No fee is charged for any type of attestation. Prescribed revenue stamps only. MoFA Pakistan Free
Philippines — PSA certificate (SECPA) PSA PHP 300
Philippines — DFA Certificate of Authentication The output the DFA issues for non-Hague destinations such as the UAE. Regular authentication released after 5 working days is PHP 100. DFA PHP 200
Philippines — UAE Embassy Manila attestation Manila is the only mission that publishes a local-currency fee — every other mission prices in AED and revises monthly. UAE Embassy Manila PHP 2,350 per document
United Kingdom — FCDO legalisation, standard paper service Usually up to 25 working days. The £35 e-Apostille takes up to 2 working days where the document type is eligible. Return courier £6 within the UK. FCDO £45
Egypt — Egyptian MFA ordinary attestation Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs EGP 115 per document
UAE mission attestation abroad Charged in AED through the MoFAIC portal. The London page states that fees are revised monthly and converted at the prevailing exchange rate. Manila is the one exception and is listed separately above. UAE embassy or consulate Not published in local currency
The destination country's embassy in the UAE Each mission sets its own fee and MoFAIC does not publish it. Ask the mission directly rather than relying on any figure, including ours. That country's mission in the UAE Not published
Realistic totalAED 150 at MoFAIC per death certificate, or AED 300 all-in for a UAE certificate issued through the MOHAP digital channel, plus the home-country fees above

Figures: MoFAIC service page, fee tables and FAQ; India Ministry of External Affairs; MoFA Pakistan; Philippine DFA; gov.uk (FCDO); Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs · Checked 23 August 2026. Government fees change — confirm with the issuing authority before you pay.

If you would rather not handle this yourself

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Common questions

How much does death certificate attestation cost in the UAE?
MoFAIC charges AED 150 to attest a death certificate, plus a transaction fee of AED 3 and 2 per cent. "Death Certificate (national and non-national)" is a named line item on MoFAIC's personal-document fee table, and the same AED 150 applies whether the certificate was issued inside or outside the UAE. Where a UAE certificate is issued through the MOHAP or Emirates Health Services digital channel, the bundled price is AED 300 — AED 150 for MoFAIC and AED 150 for the UAE embassy in the destination country.
Can a death certificate be attested by phone in the UAE?
Yes. Among its official channels MoFAIC lists phone assistance on +971 800 44444 for People of Determination, senior Emiratis and senior residents, and states that death-certificate attestation requests are also accepted by phone. This is the only document type MoFAIC singles out that way. What MoFAIC does not publish is what happens after the call — how payment is taken and how the original certificate reaches the ministry — so ask about both on the call and expect to arrange a courier.
What is the attestation chain for a UAE death certificate used abroad?
The certificate is attested by the entity that issued it, then by MoFAIC, then by the destination country's embassy in the UAE if that country asks for it. MoFAIC names the Ministry of Health and Prevention or the local health authority for this class of certificate. There is no foreign-ministry step before MoFAIC, because MoFAIC is the foreign ministry. MoFAIC states that if the destination country requires attestation by its own embassy or consulate in the UAE, you must complete that step separately.
Can the UAE issue an apostille on a death certificate?
No. The UAE is not a contracting party to the Hague Apostille Convention, so no UAE authority can issue an apostille on anything, including a death certificate. If the country the certificate is going to is a Hague member and expects an apostille, it cannot have one. In practice the destination country's embassy or consulate in the UAE applies its own legalisation stamp on top of the MoFAIC attestation. Ask that mission what it requires before you start.
Does a death certificate have to be the original?
Yes. Every UAE mission page states that "official personal documents (e.g., birth, marriage, and death certificates) must be submitted in their original form". Other classes of document get more latitude — those same pages accept originals or true copies where the national foreign office has attested them — but death certificates are named in the strict category. If you need attested copies for several institutions, plan on attesting several originals, each of which is a separate document and a separate fee.
How long does death certificate attestation take?
For a UAE-issued digital document MoFAIC publishes a turnaround of within 2 hours during official working hours, and says that birth and death certificates coming through the MOHAP channel are processed "within a few minutes and without human intervention". For a certificate issued abroad, the combined UAE embassy and MoFAIC application takes 2 to 3 business days in India, Pakistan, Egypt and the UK, and same day at the Consulate General in Mumbai. The home-country stages before that decide the real timeline.
Do I need an Arabic translation of the death certificate?
Not for the attestation chain itself. MoFAIC requires an "original document in English or Arabic (or an official translation of it)", so an English-language certificate passes as it is. Arabic becomes necessary at the point of use — UAE courts, notaries public, banks and most government submissions — and that translation should be done after attestation, inside the UAE, by a Ministry of Justice-registered legal translator, so that every stamp added along the way appears in the Arabic version. Egypt states that translation is not required for civil-status documents at all.
Can someone else attest the certificate on my behalf?
Yes. MoFAIC states that anyone can attest documents on your behalf and that no power of attorney is needed, so a relative, a friend or a colleague already in the UAE can submit for you. The official channels are the MoFAIC website, which needs a UAE PASS login that non-residents can also register for, the UAE MOFA smart app, UAE missions abroad, and the phone line for death-certificate requests. MoFAIC has no walk-in counters; its public service centres closed on 18 July 2022.
Will an attested death certificate settle an inheritance or an estate?
No, and this is the part to take advice on rather than read about. Attestation only confirms that the signature and seal on the certificate are genuine. It says nothing about who inherits, which law applies, or how an estate is distributed. UAE succession rules can differ from those of the country the person came from, and the difference can be substantial. Speak to a lawyer qualified in the UAE, and to one in the home country if assets sit there. We are not able to advise on it.
Does an attested death certificate expire?
No. MoFAIC states plainly that "there is no expiry date to an attested document". A certificate attested to close a UAE bank account does not need re-attesting when a pension provider asks for it a year later. Keep the attested original, and note that a receiving institution may still want to keep the copy it is given, which is a reason to attest more than one original at the same time rather than repeat the chain.
What happens if MoFAIC rejects the application?
The application cannot be amended or reopened, so you file a new one. MoFAIC refunds the attestation fee automatically within 14 working days; the delivery fee is not refunded. Its published rejection reasons are that the information entered is incorrect, the information does not match the document, the document is not original or has been altered, the issuing authority or document type was selected incorrectly, the document does not meet the requirements, or a document eligible for digital attestation was sent through the courier route.
The death certificate is in Arabic and the pension provider abroad wants English. Which comes first?
Attest first, then translate, unless the receiving country tells you otherwise. Each stage of the chain adds stamps to the document, so a translation produced before the chain will not contain them and usually has to be redone. Egypt is the genuine exception: the Egyptian foreign ministry attests the translation itself, in-country, through a short list of approved bodies, and charges its fee on the original and the translation separately.
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